How the Qin Dynasty Unified Ancient China

How the Qin Dynasty Unified Ancient China The Qin dynasty surfaced during China’s Warring States period. This era spanned 250 years- 475 B.C. to 221 B.C. During the Warring States period, the city-state kingdoms of ancient China’s Spring and Autumn period consolidated into larger territories. The feudal states fought each other for power during this era characterized by advances in military technology as well as education, thanks to the influences of Confucian philosophers. The Qin dynasty came to prominence as the new imperial dynasty (221-206/207 B.C.) after conquering rival kingdoms and when its first emperor, the absolute monarch Qin Shi Huang (Shi Huangdi or Shih Huang-ti) unified China. The Qin Empire, also known as Chin, is likely where the name China originates. The Qin dynasty’s government was Legalist, a doctrine developed by Han Fei (d. 233 B.C.) [source: Chinese History (Mark Bender at Ohio State University)]. That held the power of the state and its monarchs interests paramount. This policy led to a strain on the treasury and, ultimately, the end of the Qin dynasty. The Qin Empire has been described as creating a police state with the government holding absolute power. Private weapons were confiscated. Nobles were transported to the capital. But the Qin Dynasty also ushered in new ideas and inventions. It standardized weights, measures, coinage- the bronze round coin with a square hole in the center- writing and chariot axle widths. Writing was standardized to permit bureaucrats throughout the land to read documents. It may have been during the Qin Dynasty or late Han Dynasty that the zoetrope was invented. Using conscripted farm labor, the Great Wall (868 km) was built to keep out northern invaders. Emperor Qin Shi Huang sought immortality through a variety of elixirs. Ironically, some of these elixirs may have contributed to his death in 210 B.C. Upon his death, the emperor had ruled for 37 years. His tomb, close to the city of Xi’an, included an army of more than 6,000 life-size terracotta soldiers (or servants) to protect (or serve) him. The first Chinese emperor’s tomb remained undiscovered for 2,000 after years his death. Farmers unearthed the soldiers as they dug a well near Xi’an in 1974. â€Å"So far, archaeologists have uncovered a 20-square-mile compound, including some 8,000 terracotta soldiers, along with numerous horses and chariots, a pyramid mound marking the emperor’s tomb, remains of a palace, offices, storehouses, and stables,† according to the History Channel. â€Å"In addition to the large pit containing the 6,000 soldiers, a second pit was found with cavalry and infantry units and a third containing high-ranking officers and chariots. A fourth pit remained empty, suggesting that the burial pit was left unfinished at the time the emperor died.† Qin Shi Huang’s son would replace him, but the Han Dynasty overthrew and replaced the new emperor in 206 B.C. Pronunciation of Qin Chin Also Known As Chin Examples The Qin dynasty is known for the terracotta army put in the emperor’s tomb to serve him in the afterlife. Sources: Minnesota State University Qin DynastySarah Milledge Nelson, Brian M. Fagan, Adam Kessler, Julie M. Segraves China The Oxford Companion to Archaeology. Brian M. Fagan, ed., Oxford University Press 1996.Cultural China: Kaleidoscope Science and InventionHistory Channel: The Terra Cotta Army

Definitions of English as a Lingua Franca (ELF)

Definitions of English as a Lingua Franca (ELF) The term English as a lingua franca (ELF) refers to the teaching, learning, and use of the English language as a common means of communication  (or contact language) for speakers of different native languages.Although most contemporary  linguists  regard English as a lingua franca (ELF) as a valuable means of international communication and a worthwhile object of study, some have challenged the idea that ELF is a distinct variety of English. Prescriptivists  (generally non-linguists) tend to dismiss ELF as  a kind of foreigner talk  or what has been disparagingly called BSEbad simple English.British linguist Jennifer Jenkins points out that ELF is not a new phenomenon. English, she says, has served as a lingua franca in the past, and continues to do so nowadays, in many of the countries that were colonized by the British from the late sixteenth century on (often known collectively as the Outer Circle following Kachru 1985), such as India and Singapore. . . . What is new a bout ELF, however, is the extent of its reach (English as a Lingua Franca in the International University, 2013).    Examples and Observations As well as being usedoften in a very simple formby tourists, ELF is prominent in international politics and diplomacy, international law, business, the media, and in tertiary education and scientific researchwhich Yamuna Kachru and Larry Smith (2008: 3) call ELFs mathetic functionso it is clearly not a reduced lingua franca in the terms original (Frankish) sense. Yet it usually differs from English as a native language (ENL), the language used by NESs [native English speakers]. Spoken ELF contains a huge amount of linguistic variation and non-standard forms (although formal written ELF tends to resemble ENL to a much greater extent).(Ian Mackenzie,  English as a Lingua Franca: Theorizing and Teaching English. Routledge, 2014)ELF in Local and International SettingsEnglish operates as a lingua franca at a number of different levels, including local, national, regional and international. Apparently paradoxically, the more localised the use of English as a lingua franca, the more varia tion it is likely to display. This can be explained by reference . . . to the identitycommunication continuum. When used in a local setting, ELF will display identity markers. Thus code-switching and the explicit [use] of nativised norms can be expected. When used for international communication, on the other hand, speakers will consciously avoid the use of local and nativised norms and expressions.(Andy Kirkpatrick,  World Englishes: Implications for International Communication and English Language Teaching. Cambridge University Press, 2007) Is ELF a Variety of English?Whether ELF should be called a variety of English at all is an open question, and one which cannot be answered as long as we do not have any good descriptions of it. It is well known that divisions between languages are arbitrary, and therefore those between varieties of a language have to be as well. Once descriptions are available of how speakers from different linguacultural backgrounds use ELF, this will make it possible to consider whether it would make sense to think of English as it is spoken by its non-native speakers as falling into different varieties, just as is the English spoken by its native speakers. . . . It is likely that ELF, like any other natural language, will turn out to vary, and to change over time. It does not make much sense, therefore, to talk about a monolithic variety as such: a variety can be treated as if it were a monolith, but this is a convenient fiction, for the process of variation itself never stops.(Barbara Seidlhofer, English as a Lingua Franca in the Expanding Circle: What It Isnt.  English in the World: Global Rules, Global Roles, ed. by  Rani Rubdy and Mario Saraceni.  Continuum, 2006) Two ApproachesSeeing as the movement to bring forth the conceptualization of English as a lingua franca is gaining momentum worldwide, and more specifically for Europe, it is imperative that an analysis is made of the implications of the two differing approaches . . .. One is the (traditional) idea that English is a lingua franca for a non-native speaker constituency which should pursue knowledge of the language as if it were a foreign language. The other, upheld by those who have bought into the world Englishes paradigm, is to see English as a lingua franca for interlocutors who use it with others in multicultural settings (and thus see English in its diversity as opposed to viewing English as a prescriptive entity defined by idealized inner-circle speakers). It should be made clear, moreover, that my own position here is that a lingua franca must be inclusive as opposed to exclusive. That is to say, it is imperative that our understanding of how English is used in Europe is integra ted with a vision of a communicatively viable use of the language internationally.(Marko Modiano, EIL, Native-Speakerism and the Failure of European ELT.  English as an International Language: Perspectives and Pedagogical Issues, ed. by  Farzad Sharifian. Multilingual Matters, 2009)

Health and Safety Legislation Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Health and Safety Legislation - Research Paper Example Regardless of the number of employees, all industrial operations have to be monitored by appropriate strategies and procedures. Nature of work is a significant factor that determines the range of health and safety measures required in the industry. Whenever high-risk factors are identified, an employer has to seek the advice and permit of the responsible manager regarding the required precautions. This permit to work practice is mandatory when an employee gets into an unusual and risky job. Besides permit to work, there are some more obligatory safety measures such as isolation, monitoring equipment and protective clothing and equipment that may control or prevent risks in the workplace. According to Hughese & Ferrett (2005 p.82), the permit to work procedure is a specialized type of safe system of work for ensuring that potentially very dangerous work is done safely. In fact, this is written consent from a responsible person which ensures that adequate precautions have been taken to avoid or control risk. The authorized individual usually considers certain factors before issuing a permit like the nature of work, equipment involved in the work, the ability of the authorized worker, and if he needs training, possible hazards and the steps taken to overtake them (Hughese & Ferrett p.83). Most of the industrial accidents are the result of negligence and paucity of awareness about the risk factors and safety measures. Industrial operations require a permit when there is a chance of any of the following or similar risks; mechanical or natural toxic, electric shock, fall from a height, radiation, suffocation, chemical exposure, explosion, inflammable substances etc. Howeve r, according to the Guidelines on Permit to Work Systems (Jan.1993), simply a permit does not reduce risk; instead, it is an essential part of a system which determines how that work can be carried out safely.

Role Of Values Based Education In the Global Society..Possible title Essay

Role Of Values Based Education In the Global Society..Possible title - Essay Example Certainly, enabling one to make a living by one’s knowledge and skills is an important aspect of education; yet, education is something more than that (Stafford, 2003). Definitively, building of character stands to be and should be the top priority of any academic institution. Grand Canyon University is just the kind of institution that not only stimulates its students to develop a rock solid character, but, rather approaches the task of character building in a much holistic way, touching varied facets of human personality. Truly speaking, the four pillars of Grand Canyon University stand to constitute the most fool proof and sufficient program for developing a character and personality that is just the right mix of ethics and pragmatism. The first pillar committed to academic advancement not merely implores the students to gain knowledge, but rather nudges them to evaluate the imbibed knowledge in the laboratory of critical thinking and analytical evaluation. Mere knowledge makes a well informed person, but, approaching knowledge with a critical bent of mind makes a creative and original personality. At Grand Canyon University, the learning styles resorted to are such that they push a student to extend one’s intellect and ingenuity to its limits, thereby shattering all preconceived notions and challenging the inherent biases, prejudices and myths. The outcome of such an approach appears in the form of students who possess an open and inquisitive attitude towards life, resting securely on dependable and time tested spiritual and moral foundations. Grand Canyon University encourages its students to develop a personality that is just the right blend of grass root practicality and an essentially Christian vision. The second pillar that is Christian camaraderie not only intends to facilitate an interactive and friendly mindset towards

Reviewing the American Constitution

Reviewing the American Constitution Ignacio J. Blanco Eminent Domain The development and freedom of a society and its individuals depend to a large extent on the content and protection of property rights. In practically all the legal systems the indemnification to the individuals is consecrated in the event that the State deprives them of their property through an act of expropriation. Being one of the first to recognize such a guarantee, the Fifth Amendment of the United States Constitution prohibits the State from expropriating property for public use, without payment of fair compensation to its owner. The application of such requirement is relatively easy to enforce when the government formally exercises deprivation of property to a private individual, especially when dealing with real estate. The question in this matter is: when should a particular sector of the population bear the cost of a regulation whose benefits are taken advantage by society as a whole? In outlining the concept of eminent domain regulation, a convenient point of departure tu rns out to be the examination of the next argument: the right of the State to exercise eminent domain. When the government needs a certain private property for public use, it should clearly state its intention assessing the specific property, and then paying the former owner a fair compensation. Usually, the main issue in the governments use of eminent domain is what constitutes fair compensation. Eminent domain is defined as: the power that the government has to expropriate a private land for public use (U.S Fifth Amendment). This power is limited by the Federal Constitution as well as State Constitutions when the government takes a private property for common use, it must properly indemnify the owner for the alienation (U.S. Fifth Amendment). Sometimes the exercise of eminent domain consists of a simple process, in which the government grants the owner a fair price and this will result in the appropriation of the property for common use. On other occasions, the government and the owner may disagree as to whether an expropriation needs to occur and what the amount of compensation should be. In these types of cases a legal procedure will be necessary to certify the legitimacy of the expropriation and establish a fair price for the property. The Fifth Amendment expropriation clause protects the owner and assures that he or she will receive appropriate compensation. This clause has three significant components: the first component states that eminent domain should only be applied to private property. Due to this fact, if the government decides to modify the purpose of some public land, for example, to build an office building or a homeless shelter in what used to be a public park, this action will not require government to compensate citizens who used the park. The second requirement is that the land should only be expropriated for common use. This limitation prevents government officials from taking private property for personal use. In this case, this requirement will protect citizens from government officials that might try to get any personal gains from taking private property. Lastly, The Fifth Amendment requires fair compensation. Usually, fair compensation is determined by the market value of the property, in other words. the price at which the owner could have expected to sell the property. It is important to know that the value of the property should be set considering many factors. These factors include: the size of the land and the buildings, the location of the property, the access to utilities and public services, resources present on the property, etc. When a permanent expropriation is about to take place, the courts will use different methods to determine market value. However, if the government needs the property for a limited time, the calculation of value will be more complicated. In cases of eminent domain, the government states that it needs certain private property to create a public benefit, such as the construction of a new stadium or public park. The government can offer the owner a price that is acceptable to the individual or the individual can initiate an expropriation procedure. This procedure is similar to a lawsuit and it is started by the owner of the property when they do not reach agreement. The owner of the property has the right to be notified of the decision of the government and can submit a reply. As one can see, the Fifth Amendment offers protection to the owner and guarantees that he or she will receive a fair compensation for the expropriation. In some non-usual cases the government will deny the claim that they have taken property from the owner. Therefore, the owner would have to initiate an action, denominated procedure of compensation by expropriation, to demand compensation from the government. This situation might occur in various ways. For example, the government may adopt behavior that destroys the owners ability to use and enjoy his or her land, such as building a rail road along the owners property. As one can see, this action does not involve an expropriation, but will certainly reduce the value of the property, forcing the owner to file a lawsuit to obtain compensation. The necessity to determine the time at which the expropriation occurred is important in the matter of eminent domain. An argument may arise when the government presents a plan that affects the property of a citizen. In other words, when the government makes a public announcement about the possibility of starting a new infrastructure project this could potentially impact the value of private property. Furthermore, the owner might think that this plan will already constitute an indirect expropriation, which will could cause stress and uncertainty about the future. Even though the government can claim that they have not taken away any property at this point, its actions have already affected the value for future transactions, causing undesired consequences. The concept of eminent domain gives the government power to act on behalf of public interest. Unfortunately, in many cases, the government violates property rights without offering a fair compensation. The legal issues involved in th ese matters are complex and the courts have not been entirely coherent in their approach. In conclusion, more than two centuries have passed since the proclamation of the American Constitution. However, the constitutional normative body continues to expand its application and renew its validity. The decisions dictated by the courts, offer a variety of interpretations, not always uniform but with an undeniably value. This academic paper offers a summary on how jurisprudence has constructed the concept of eminent domain regulation. According to the government these regulations have no other purpose than to protect citizens from its own government, while trying to draw clear boundaries to delineate its application. The concept of eminent domain goes beyond a simple theoretical construction, it is a true legal institution that articulates basic concepts of private law such as property and economic freedom, in addition to foundational principles of public law like the common good.

TV Adverts

One of the things that annoys me most are TV adverts. Now, I think that TV adverts are a bit like marmite, you either love them or you hate them. Personally I absolutely loathe them seeing as I find them really irritating as do most people. Whenever an advert comes on the TV I usually switch the channel to another programme that’s on until my programme comes back on. Why? Because TV adverts are just ridiculously annoying and so time consuming.One of the things that annoys me the most is when you have to change the channel because you don’t want to watch the advert but then you end up completely forgetting about your first programme causing you to miss it. I mean I believe that TV adverts are basically hated by everybody. To me there is nothing worse than watching your favourite programme and having to wait about 5 minutes during adverts to find out what happens next. For example, lets’ set the scene, you’re sitting at home looking for something good to wat ch.You find a horror film that looks quite good and that has just started. You start to really enjoy the movie, you’re dying to know what’s going to happen, you’re on the edge of your seat and the rising suspense is unbearable. You’re just getting to the best bit and all is about to be revealed when suddenly the darkness from your screen is replaced by bright light. The creepy tension building music has gone and now your ears are filled by with nice calming music as the John Lewis clearance advert begins.Then you have to sit there for the next five minutes having to listen to people telling you what’s the best car insurance or the best place to shop for food and other really weird adverts. When the darkness and creepy music finally return your sense of excitement is gone and the suspense just can’t be replaced. Usually by this point I just turn off the movie and watch whatever other programmes are on at that time but if you can get straight back into the movie then I applaud you because that never happens for me. I can’t even fully express my hatred for these adverts that ruin everything at the moment.To be honest though it’s not only the fact that adverts just pop up at the worst times but also what they contain. You don’t know how many times I’ve caught myself humming the ‘go compare’ advert at the most random of times. I haven’t actually heard the ‘go compare’ advert in ages as the makers of the advert have stopped the singing, thankfully but it’s the fact that it’s so memorable that makes it annoying. Just the other day I was looking after my baby cousin and I started to hum go compare and she actually started to calm down, although my aunty saw me and looked at me as if I had two heads.Another thing is how adverts advertise so many different types of insurance you could buy, or different loan websites such as MA and quick quid. And don†™t get me started on all the different bingo and gambling adverts that annoy me so much. To be honest though it’s how they advertise them that annoy me. They advertise things in such a way that everyone feels the need to go and spend everything they have just to make their lives easier or to put them higher on the social ladder.However one thing I hate more commercials are infomercials. On those very rare occasions when I wake up too early and all that is on is teleshopping, I am literally about ready to kill myself. I then have to endure about an hour of a load of crap being advertised to me such as jewellery and vacuums. Anyway enough of my little rant against TV adverts now. I hope I have managed to persuade you to send TV adverts in to room 101 and if not then you can just send me so I can finally be away from them.

Top Guide of Book Report

Top Guide of Book Report The Little-Known Secrets to Book Report Before you begin on the body of the report, take a couple of minutes to jot down some beneficial information by considering the next points. As soon as you're clear about each of the above, you may now get in the tracking part. Don't be concerned about the deadline you'll receive your report delivered within the shortest timeframe. It is considerably more convenient to get a book report from a professional writing service than it is to devote a countless number of hours attempting to cook it up yourself. What You Need to Know About Book Report An outline of a book report typically is composed of the important events and characters that play an immense part in the book. Being assigned a book report to complete can look like an intimidating endeavor, especially if in the event you have never written a multi-page report. A multi-page report is produced by the student and can take more than 1 night to complete. A cr eative book report will offer you the chance to demonstrate the breadth of what you could do. There are likewise an array of book review sites where you are able to submit your book, a few of which will republish their review on Amazon. Books that provide you written information about tried and tested ideas are readily available in the marketplace. For those who haven't, your order is going to be matched with a writer who's qualified to produce your book report the way you require it. You are able to download blank book reportto guide you through the procedure for writing. Thousands of books are published every calendar year, and however unique or specialized your book is, we'll do our very best to find it. They must be a minimum of 120 pages and must be approved for presentation by November 2nd. Read the Entire Book It is by far the most critical step. What to Expect From Book Report? It's possible to also compose another paragraph concerning the other characters in the book. It is probable that the character introduction will occur in exactly the same sentence as the plot introduction. Write a diary like you were the most important character. You might analyze the characters or themes of the job. Each time a fantastic review comes in, you've got something to share on social networking and with your email list. 1 little puppy was not there. What the In-Crowd Won't Tell You About Book Report Take into consideration how you feel when you read some areas of the book to find a sense of the tone. You must identify if a part of the book is pert inent to its context or only an easy side story. Provide your total opinion of the book and the most significant thing you want other folks to know about doing it. Most individuals assume that the book is well-known if a great deal of individuals are reading it and enjoying it, they have to be leaving reviews. What You Don't Know About Book Report With a bit of research, you can construct a life-sized model of the principal character, considering the fashion of the era where the story is set. The body of your report is where you will mention every one of the key characters and the significance they bring to the book, be sure to include any particular character traits that compose their persona, any distinctive events which may have significant meaning, and naturally, a couple quotes. The time once the story occurs. If your story occurs in just a little town, go right ahead and mention it. It is possible to see here a number of the comments they made. You may write about wh atever opinions you've got. Reviews provide you with a reason to keep on discussing your book. There are many roads to reviews. Book Report Secrets Next slide set you into the scenario. Nowadays you have the components of your book report organized, you should consider how you're likely to style it. Teachers assign a great deal of book reports to be certain that students read a lot of books, especially at that critical early age when they're still hoping to master the written word. Students really need to be careful in not retelling the story because that isn't the function of the assignment. Furthermore, a number of my students chose people who might not have books written about them. Reasons for writing a book review When it comes down to it, you should learn how to compose an overview of a book as it can help you develop your analytical abilities, skills which will be necessary throughout your life. Writing an effective book report may be challenging assignment for many students since it requires you should analyze a large sum of information in comparatively compact space, talk about the writer's major themes, the plot of the story, and characters via an objective stance. Think what facets of the book spark your interest. An individual can read a great deal of books but still be not able to develop an excellent book report on account of the absence of knowledge of what it should look like.